Mechanistic insights on the Pd-catalyzed addition of C–X bonds across alkynes – a combined experimental and computational study† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Computational details, cartesian coordinates of calculated species, experimental procedures, and spectroscopic data are given. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05001h Click here for additional data file.
نویسندگان
چکیده
The Pd-catalyzed intramolecular addition of carbamoyl chlorides and aryl halides across alkynes is investigated by means of DFT calculations and mechanistic test experiments. The data suggest a mechanistic pathway that involves oxidative addition, alkyne insertion, cis / trans isomerization and reductive elimination. Our data indicate that oxidative addition is the reactivity limiting step in the addition of aryl chlorides and bromides across alkynes. However, for the corresponding addition of carbamoyl chlorides, alkyne insertion is found to be limiting. Full energetic reaction pathways for the intramolecular additions across alkynes are presented herein and the role of ligands, alkyne substituents and tether moieties are discussed. Notably, the calculations could rationalize a pronounced effect of the alkyne substituent, which accounts for the exceptional reactivity of TIPS-substituted alkynes. In particular, the bulky silyl moiety is shown to significantly destabilize the formed Pd(II)-intermediates, thus facilitating both cis / trans isomerization and reductive elimination, which overall results in a flatter energetic landscape and a therefore increased catalytic efficiency.
منابع مشابه
Differences between the elimination of early and late transition metals: DFT mechanistic insights into the titanium-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Additional computational results, energies, and Cartesian coordinates of the optimized structures. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04456e Click here for additional data file.
What are the differences between eliminations of early and late transition metals? DFT mechanistic insights into the titanium-catalyzed synthesis of pyrroles from alkynes and diazenes
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Department of Organic Chemistry II, Unive P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain Departamento de Śıntesis y Estructura de Bi y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universida Servicio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, C (CEQMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, CSIC, † Electronic supplementary information procedures and characterization of all NMR spectra and HPLC chromatogram Cartesian coordinates of all stationary...
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